NATHAN

History- define as a narrative (which can be written, visual, oral or a combination of all three).

In Pilipino, sometimes use the as spanish word historia, which sounds the same as istorya.

Kasaysayan is definitely richer than the westen words for history which are based largely on the Greek historie which means inquiry.

Two Components of History

1. Salaysay- Which means a narrative or story.

2. Saysay- or meaning

Kasaysayan is not just a narrative or salaysay- MUST have saysay or meaning.

The word history as in historia(spanish) histoire (french) and gesichte in (german) is the same word in those languages for story.

History or Kasaysayan is not just memorizing forgettable dates, unpronunciable names and strange places. Its not just telling funny stories. History has a deeper discipline study. This is a cirius works. It is making people see their past. It gives us a way of looking at the world and dealing with it and its problem.

Why Studying History

It teaches us to see combinations between events, knowing how and why a certain events happened is helpul because many cases people separated by time and place can sometimes be in similar situations.

History is Divided into Three Phases

1. Thesis-Traditional

2. Anti-Thesis-Colonial

3. Synthesis-Combination of Thesis and Anti-Thesis

History of Philippine Money

Philippine money–multi-colored threads woven into the fabric of our social, political and economic life. From its early bead-like form to the paper notes and coins that we know today, our money has been a constant reminder of our journey through centuries as a people relating with one another and with other peoples of the world.

Pre-Hispanic Era Trade among the early Filipinos and with traders from the neighboring islands was conducted through barter. The inconvenience of barter later led to the use of some objects as medium of exchange. Gold, which was plentiful in many parts of the islands, invariably found its way into these objects that included the piloncitos, small bead-likeb gold bits considered by the local numismatists as the earliest coin of the ancient Filipinos, and gold barter rings.

Spanish Era (1521-1897)

Three hundred years of Spanish rule left many indelible imprints on Philippine numismatics. At the end of the Spanish regime, Philippine money was a multiplicity of currencies that included Mexican pesos, Alfonsino pesos and copper coins of other currencies.

The cobs or macuquinas of colonial mints were the earliest coins brought in by the galleons from Mexico and other Spanish colonies. The silver dos mundos or pillar dollar is considered one of the world’s most beautiful coins. The barilla, a crude bronze or copper coin worth about one centavo, was the first coin struck in the country.

Coins from other Spanish colonies also reached the Philippines and were counterstamped. Gold coins with the portrait of Queen Isabela were minted in Manila. Silver pesos with the profile of young Alfonso XIII were the last coins minted in Spain. The pesos fuertes, issued by the country’s first bank, the El Banco Espanol Filipino de Isabel II, were the first paper money circulated in the country.

Revolutionary Period (1898-1899)

Asserting its independence, the Philippine Republic of 1898 under General Emilio Aguinaldo issued its own coins and paper currency backed by the country’s natural resources.

One peso and five peso notes printed as Republika Filipina Papel Moneda de Un Peso and Cinco Pesos were freely circulated. 2 centimos de peso copper were also issued in 1899.

The American Period (1900-1941)

The Americans instituted a monetary system for the Philippine based on gold and pegged the Philippine peso to the American dollar at the ratio of 2:1. The US Congress approved the Coinage Act for the Philippines in 1903.

The coins issued under the system bore the designs of Filipino engraver and artist, Melecio Figueroa. Coins in denomination of one-half centavo to one peso were minted. The renaming of El Banco Espanol Filipino to Bank of the Philippine Islands in 1912 paved the way for the use of English from Spanish in all notes and coins issued up to 1933. Beginning May 1918, treasury certificates replaced the silver certificates series, and a one-peso note was added.

The Japanese Occupation (1942-1945)

The outbreak of World War II caused serious disturbances in the Philippine monetary system. Two kinds of notes circulated in the country during this period. The Japanese Occupation Forces issued war notes in big denominations. Provinces and municipalities, on the other hand, issued their own guerrilla notes or resistance currencies, most of which were sanctioned by the Philippine government in-exile, and partially redeemed after the war.

The Philippine Republic

A nation in command of its destiny is the message reflected in the evolution of Philippine money under the Philippine Republic. Having gained independence from the United States following the end of World War II, the country used as currency old treasury certificates overprinted with the word “Victory”.

With the establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines in 1949, the first currencies issued were the English series notes printed by the Thomas de la Rue & Co., Ltd. in England and the coins minted at the US Bureau of Mint. The Filipinazation of the Republic coins and paper money began in the late 60’s and is carried through to the present. In the 70’s, the Ang Bagong Lipunan (ABL) series notes were circulated, which were printed at the Security Printing Plant starting 1978. A new wave of change swept through the Philippine coinage system with the flora and fauna coins initially issued in 1983. These series featured national heroes and species of flora and fauna. The new design series of banknotes issued in 1985 replaced the ABL series. Ten years later, a new set of coins and notes were issued carrying the logo of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.

List of Philippine National Heroes

Dr. Jose Rizal - The National Hero.

Andres Bonifacio - The Great Plebian and Father of the Katipunan.

General Gregorio del Pilar - Hero of the Battle of Tirad Pass.

General Emilio Aguinaldo - President of the First Philippine Republic.

Apolinario Mabini - Sublime Paralytic and Brains of the Revolution.

Doña Teodora Alonzo y Realonda - Mother and first teacher of Jose Rizal.

Father Mariano Gomez - One of the Priest of GOMBURZA.

Emilio Jacinto y Dizon - Brains of the Katipunan.

Cayetano Arellano - First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Father Jacinto Zamora - One of the three martyr priests, the GOMBURZA.

GOMBURZA - Martyred Priests of 1872.

Trece Martirez - 13 Martyrs from Cavite.

General Antonio Luna - Cofounder of La Independencia.

Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) - Mother of Balintawak.

Graciano Lopez-Jaena - Greatest Filipino Orator of the Propaganda Movement.

Panday Pira - First Filipino Cannon-maker.

Mariano Ponce - Propagandist, Historian, Diplomat And Managing Editor of La Solidaridad.

Gregoria de Jesus - Lakambini of Katipunan and Wife of Andres Bonifacio.

General Vicente Lim - Brigadier General who was executed by the Japanese Imperial Army.

Fernando Ma. Guerrero - Poet of the Revolution.

Jose Abad Santos y Basco - 5th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.

Felipe Agoncillo - Outstanding Diplomat of the First Philippine Republic.

Francisco Baltazar Balagtas y Dela Cruz - Prince of Tagalog Poets.

Rafael Palma - Cofounder of La Independencia and First UP president .

Juan Luna - Greatest and Famous Filipino Painter.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Greatest Journalist and Moving Spirit of the Propaganda Movement.

Leona Florentino - First Filipino Poetess(from Ilocos Sur).

Pedro Paterno - Peacemaker of the Revolution.

Father Jose Apolonio Burgos - youngest priest of the GOMBURZA martyrs

Isabelo delos Reyes - Founder of Philippine Socialism.

Artemio Ricarte - Revolutionary General, known as Viborra.

Miguel Malvar y Carpio - Last Filipino general who surrendered to the Americans.

Jose Palma - Wrote the Spanish Lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem.

Felipe Calderon - Drafted the Malolos Constitution.

Lakandola - Chief of Tondo, Friendly to the Spaniards.

Rajah Soliman - The Last Rajah of Manila.

Leonor Rivera - Cousin and Fiancee of Jose Rizal.

Tomas Pinpin - Prince of Filipino Printers.

Marcela Mariño Agoncillo - Maker of the First Filipino Flag.

Galicano Apacible - One of the Founders of Katipunan.

Jose Ma. Panganiban - Bicolandia's Greatest Contribution to the Historic Campaign for Reforms.

Diego Baltazar Silang - Leader of the Ilocano Revolt.

Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang - First Filipino woman to lead a revolt against Spanish colonization.

Lapu-Lapu - Chieftain of Mactan Who Killed Magellan. First Filipino Hero.

Francisco Dagohoy - Leader of the Longest Revolt in Bohol.

Epifanio delos Santos - A Man of Many Talents; the Former Highway 54 is Now Named After him (EDSA).

Teresa Magbanua - First Woman Fighter in Panay. Visayan Joan of Arc.

Trinidad Tecson - Mother of Biak-na-Bato.

Agueda Esteban - Wife of Artemio Ricarte Who Carried Secret Messages About Spanish Troops.

Marina Dizon - Daughter of One of the Trece Martirez.

General Francisco Makabulos - Leader of the Revolt in Tarlac.

Julian Felipe - Composer of the Philippine National Anthem.

-jonathan querijero- july 12, 2010

Chronological Order

TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY

● 1380 - Muslim Arabs arrived at the Sulu Archipelago.

● 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan "discovers" the islands and names them: Archipelago of San Lazaro.

● 1542 - Spanish expedition commandeered by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos claims the islands for Spain; names them "Philippines" after Prince Philip, later King Philip II of Spain; the Philippines becomes part of Spanish Empire.

● 1872 - Gomburza (Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jocinto Zamora) were executed by the Spaniards.

● 1892 - Jose Rizal founded the civic organization La Liga Filipina.

● 1896 - Katipuneros tear their cedulas & shout in contempt of the Spaniards in what is called the Cry of Pugadlawin.

● 1897, General Emilio Aguinaldo establishes the a new republic at Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan.

● 1886 - José Rizal publishes anti-Spanish novel, Noli Me Tangere (The Lost Eden); and seers up independence sentiment.

● 1896 - Spanish execute Rizal for instigating insurrection; public outrage spawns rebellion.

● 1898 - American warship Maine was blown up in Havana harbour, triggers the the Spanish-American war, the battle of Manila Bay ensues.

● 1898 - Emilio Aguinaldo assembled the Malolos Congress in Bulacan, then declares independence in Kawit, Cavite

● 1899 - Treaty of Paris ends Spanish-American War, cedes Philippines to U.S. after payment to Spain by U.S. of $ 20 million. Emilio Aguinaldo declares independence then leads a guerrilla war against U.S.

● 1901 - U.S. captures Aguinaldo; William Howard Taft arrives as first U.S. governor of Philippines.

● 1902 - Insurrection ends; Taft improves economic conditions, settles disputes over church ownership of land, establishes "Pensionado" program, allowing Filipinos to study in U.S., which helped modernize and westernize the country.

● 1916 - U.S. congress passes the Jones Law establishing elected Filipino legislature with house and senate.

● 1934 - U.S. congress approves the Tydings-McDuffie Law promising Philippine independence by 1946; transition to independence begins.

● 1935 - Filipino people approve constitution creating the Philippine Commonwealth with Manuel Quezon y Molina as president.

● 1941 - Japanese invades the Philippines, and defeats Gen. Douglas MacArthur at Bataan and Corregidor; Quezon establishes government in exile in the U.S.

● 1944 - Quezon dies in exile; Vice President Sergio Osmeña assumes the presidency; MacArthur returns to the Philippines and lands in Leyte with little resistance.

● 1945 - Gen. MacArthur liberates Manila and President Osmeña establishes government

● 1946 - The U.S. gave the Philippines independence and Manuel Roxas y Acuña is elected as the first president of the new republic.

● 1965 - Ferdinand E. Marcos is elected by a big majority as president

● 1972 - Martial Law was declared by President Marcos

● 1981 - Marcos lifts Martial Law

● 1983 - Opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino returns from exile and is assassinated on arrival at Manila International Airport; Aquino's widow Corazon leads the "People Power" protest movement

● 1986 - Marcos was declared winner in a presidential election beating Corazon Aquino amid charges of fraud; demonstrations erupt; Marcos flees to Hawaii; Aquino is declared president and forms a new government

● 1992 - Endorsed by Aquino, her Secretary of Defense Gen. Fidel Ramos wins presidential election. U.S. Philippine congress rejects a new treaty with the U.S. and Subic Bay naval base and Clark Air Field returns to Philippine government, ending American military presence in the Philippines

● 1996 - The government of Ramos agrees to greater autonomy for southern island of Mindanao. Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) ends the guerrilla war with the government.

● 1997 - Asian financial crisis grips Asia and the Philippines escapes the crisis despite series of currency devaluations

● 1988 - Former movie actor Joseph Estrada is elected president

● 2000 - On charges of corruption, the lower house impeach Estrada

● 2001 - Estrada was forced to step down due to public outrage over corruption allegations. Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo assumes the presidency.

● 2004 - Presidential election takes place. Arroyo's closest rival (a dear friend of Ex-President Estrada) is film actor Fernando Poe, Jr. Arroyo narrowly defeats Poe, taking 39.5% of the vote to Poe's 36.6%.

● 2005 - A taped conversation between President Arroyo & an election official surfaced during the 2004 elections implying she influenced the official election results. Calls for her resignation and demonstrations followed soon after. In September 2005, Congress voted down the filing of an impeachment against Arroyo.

● 2007 - Former President Joseph Estrada is convicted of plunder, the first ever in the history of the Philippines.

The First “Filipinos”

Many historians and scientists believe that the first inhabitants of the Philippine islands emerged during the Pleistocene period. There are two theories on where the inhabitants (first Filipinos) came from namely: Beyer’s “Migration Theory” and Jocano’s “Evolution Theory”. Noted social scientist Henry Otley Beyer believes that Filipinos descended from different groups that came from Southeast Asia in successive waves of migration. Each group had a distinct culture, with it’s own customs and traditions. While Jocano believes that Asians, including Filipinos are the result of a lengthy process of evolution and migration.

Migration Theory

The first migrants were what Beyer caked the “Dawnmen” (or “cavemen” because they lived in caves.). The Dawnmen resembled Java Man, Peking Man, and other Asian Home sapiens who existed about 250,000 years ago. They did not have any knowledge of agriculture, and lived by hunting and fishing. It was precisely in search of food that they came to the Philippines by way of the land bridges that connected the Philippines and Indonesia. Owing perhaps to their migratory nature, they eventually left the Philippines for destinations unknown.

The second group of migrants was composed of dark-skinned pygmies called “Aetas’ or “Negritoes”. About 30,000 years ago, they crossed the land bridged from Malaya, Borneo, and Australia until they reached Palawan, Mindoro and Mindanao. They were pygmies who went around practically naked and were good at hunting, fishing and food gathering. They used spears and small flint stones weapons.

The Aetas were already in the Philippines when the land bridges disappeared due to the thinning of the ice glaciers and the subsequent increase in seawater level. This natural events “forced” them to remain in the country and become its first permanent inhabitants.

Because of the disappearance of the land bridges, the third wave of migrants was necessarily skilled in seafaring. These were the Indonesians, who came to the islands in boats. They were more advanced than the Aetas in that: they had tools made out of stone and steel, which enabled them to build sturdier houses: they engaged in farming and mining, and used materials made of brass; they wore clothing and other body ornaments.

Last to migrate to the Philippines, according to Beyer, were Malays. They were believed to have come from Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula more than 2,000 years ago. Like the Indonesians, they also traveled in boats.

The Malays were brown-skinned and of medium height, with straight black hair and flat noses. Their technology was said to be more advanced than that of their predecessors. They engaged in pottery, weaving, jewelry making and metal smelting, and introduced the irrigation system in rice planting.

Jocano’s Theory

Renowned Filipino anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano disputes Beyer’s belief that Filipinos descended from Negritoes and Malays who migrated to the Philippines thousands of years ago. According to Jocano, it is difficult to prove that Negritoes were the first inhabitants of this country. The only thing that can positively concluded from fossil evidence, he says is that the first men who came to the Philippines also went to New Guinea, Java, Borneo, and Australia.

In 1962, a skullcap and a portion of a jaw-presumed to be a human origin-were found in the Tabon Caves of Palawan by archaeologist Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago, who both worked for the National Museum. Carbon dating placed their age at 21,000 to 22,000 years. This proves, Jocano argues, that man came earlier to the Philippines than to the Malay Peninsula; therefore, the first inhabitants of our islands could not have come from the region. The “Tabon Man” is said to resemble Java Man and Peking Man. He gathered fruits, leaves and plants for his food. He hunted with weapons made of stone. Although further research is still being done on his life and culture, evidence shows that he was already capable of using his brain in order to survive and keep himself safe.

Instead of the Migration Theory, Jocano advances the Evolution Theory, as a better explanation of how our country was first inhabited by human beings, Jocano believes that the first people of Southeast Asia were products of a long process of evolution and migration. His research indicates that they shared more or less the same culture, beliefs, practices an even similar tools and implements. These people eventually went their separate ways; some migrated to the Philippines, the others to New Guinea, Java and Borneo. Proof, Jocano says, can be found in the fossils discovered in different parts of Southeast Asia, as well as the recorded migrations of other peoples from the Asian mainland when history began to unfold. Also see "About the Philippines".

-jonathan querijero-

The municipality of Dinalungan got its name from a river called “Dinalungan”, while this river was name coined from the names of “Dina” and “Lungan” a wife a husband, respectively of a Dumagat Tribe living in the area.

Lungan was the son of the chieftain of the Dumagat Tribe who got interested to marry the daughter of the slave family belonging to the tribe. To obtain the approval of the chieftain for the two (2) lovers’s marriage, Dina endure long year of service to the Lungan’s family. The end result was the several children produce by the couple. Unfortunately Dina and Lungan got sick and succeeding died. The memory of Dina and Lungan was instilled in the minds of their children and the succeeding generations of the tribe.

On 18 August 1926, two (2) men from outside of Aurora whose activities were hunting wild animals and collection of almaciga resin, accidentally reach the Dinalungan. They befriended the Dumagat Tribe. The two men were Eusebio Vargas and Bonifacio Vargas from San Miguel na Munti, Talevara, Nueva Ecija, Infanta Quezon, respectively. The two left the area bringing with them wild animals and Almaciga Resin. When they went back to the area, eight families went with them and permanently settled in Dinalungan. More families followed them during the succeeding months.

In 1938, Dinalungan became part of the Casiguran with Gavino dela Cruz as the first appointed Barrio Lieutenant. Establishment of a school was given emphasized by dela Cruz and his barrio mates with Pedro Torre Sr. as the first teacher.

The Second World War made life hard for the residents of Dinalungan. Several Prominent heads of the family including Gavino dela Cruz were killed. The Barrio of Dinalungan like other Barrios of Aurora was severely destroyed. The end of the War (1945) provided the remaining residents to rebuild the community under the leadership of Esteban Gazeta. The School was also rebuilt with Eugenio Moral and Timoteo Flores as teacher and head teacher, respectively.

It was also after the war that the Spanish and Chinese loggers arrived in the area and build logging roads in support of their logging operations.

From 1947 to 1962, seven (7) Barrio Lieutenants have succeeding administered the community. With concerted effort and one goal of the barrio leaders, the barrio of Dinalungan was converted as the municipality on 18 June 1966 through Republic Act No. 4757. It composes five barrios namely: Simbahan, Abuleg, Bungo, Balante, and Nipoo with Hon. Pablo Galolo as the first municipal Mayor.

Other municipal Mayors who came after Hon. Galolo Sr. include Hon. Calixto Hermo (1971-74), Lt. Col. Prudencio Medriano (Military Mayor for 1974-80), Hon. Douglas A. Gapusan (1986-88), Hon. Elena C. Usman (1988-98), and the present Local Chief Executive, the Hon. Marilyn B. Marquez 1998 to

The municipality of Dinalungan has at present nine (9) barangays with the addition of Paleg, Ditawini, Dibaraybay, and Zone I and II of the Poblacion.

At present Hon. Tito T. Tubigan municipal mayor... (Details is on process) 

-jonathan querijero-